ivomec_hund

Mange in Dogs and Cats

By Michael W. Dryden, DVM, PhD, DACVM, University Distinguished Professor of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University

Sarcoptic Mange (Canine Scabies):

Sarcoptes scabiei var canis infestation is a highly contagious disease of dogs found worldwide. The mites are fairly host specific, but animals (including people) that come in contact with infested dogs can also be affected. Adult mites are 0.2–0.6 mm long and roughly circular in shape; their surface is covered with small triangular spines, and they have four pairs of short legs. Females are almost twice as large as males. The entire life cycle (17–21 days) is spent on the dog. Females burrow tunnels in the stratum corneum to lay eggs. Sarcoptic mange is readily transmitted between dogs by direct contact; transmission by indirect contact may also occur. Clinical signs may develop anytime from 10 days to 8 wk after contact with an infected animal. Asymptomatic carriers may exist. Intense pruritus is characteristic and probably due to hypersensitivity to mite products. Primary lesions consist of papulocrustous eruptions with thick, yellow crusts, excoriation, erythema, and alopecia. Secondary bacterial and yeast infections may develop. Typically, lesions start on the ventral abdomen, chest, ears, elbows, and hocks and, if untreated, become generalized. Dogs with chronic, generalized disease develop seborrhea, severe thickening of the skin with fold formation and crust buildup, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and emaciation; dogs so affected may even die. “Scabies incognito” has been described in well-groomed dogs; these dogs, infested with sarcoptic mites, are pruritic, but demonstrating the mites on skin scrapings is difficult because the crusts and scales have been removed by regular bathing. Atypical, including localized, clinical forms that are probably linked to extensive use of insecticides or acaricides are being increasingly seen.

Diagnosis is based on the history of severe pruritus of sudden onset, possible exposure, and involvement of other animals, including people. Making a definitive diagnosis is sometimes difficult because of negative skin scrapings. Concentration and flotation of several scrapings may increase chances of finding the mites, eggs, or feces. Several extensive superficial scrapings should be done of the ears, elbows, and hocks; nonexcoriated areas should be chosen. A centrifugation fecal flotation using sugar solutions may reveal mites or eggs. A specific and sensitive commercially available ELISA to detect specific antibodies has been developed and may be useful. Because mites can be difficult to detect, if Sarcoptes is on the differential diagnosis list but no mites are found, a therapeutic trial is warranted.

Systemic treatments of scabies are based on administration of macrocyclic lactones, some of which are FDA approved for this purpose. Among them, selamectin is given as a spot-on formulation at 6 mg/kg. This drug appears to be safe, even in ivermectin -sensitive breeds. Another is the imidacloprid-moxidectin formulation, which may be used on dogs as young as 7 wk of age. In some countries, moxidectin is also registered for treatment of scabies. It is available as a spot-on formulation in combination with imidacloprid and should be given in two doses of 2.5 mg/kg, 4 wk apart; additionally, oral uptake should be prevented in breeds at risk of avermectin sensitivity. Other endectocides, such as milbemycin oxime and ivermectin , which are not registered for treatment of sarcoptic mange in dogs, have been reported to be effective depending on the dosage and route of administration. The recommended dosage for milbemycin oxime is 2 mg/kg, PO, weekly for 3–4 wk; potential toxicity should be considered in dogs with avermectin sensitivity. Ivermectin (200 mcg/kg, PO or SC, 2–4 treatments 2 wk apart) is very effective and usually curative. Ivermectin at this dosage is contraindicated in avermectin-sensitive breeds. Additionally, the microfilaremic (Dirofilaria immitis) status of the dog should be evaluated before treatment with a macrocyclic lactone. For topical treatment, hair can be clipped, the crusts and dirt removed by soaking with an antiseborrheic shampoo, and an acaricidal dip applied. Lime sulfur is highly effective and safe for use in young animals; several dips 7 days apart are recommended. Amitraz is an effective scabicide, although it is not approved for this use. It should be applied as a 0.025% solution at 1- or 2-wk intervals for 2–6 wk. In addition, the owner must observe certain precautions to avoid self-contamination. Fipronil spray was reported to be effective but should be considered an aid in control rather than a primary therapy. Treatment can be topical or systemic, and should include all dogs in contact.

Notoedric Mange (Feline Scabies):

This rare, highly contagious disease of cats and kittens is caused by Notoedres cati, which can opportunistically infest other animals, including people. The mite and its life cycle are similar to the sarcoptic mite. Pruritus is severe. Crusts and alopecia are seen, particularly on the ears, head, and neck, and can become generalized. Mites can be found quite easily in skin scrapings. Treatment consists of both topical and systemic therapies. Nonapproved but effective and safe treatments include selamectin (6 mg/kg, spot-on) and moxidectin (1 mg/kg, spot-on, in the imidacloprid-moxidectin formulation). Ivermectin (200 mcg/kg, SC) has also been used. Another effective topical therapy is lime sulfur dips at 7-day intervals.

Otodectic Mange:

Otodectes cynotis mites are a common cause of otitis externa, especially in cats but also in dogs. Mites that belong to the family Psoroptidae are usually found in both the vertical and horizontal ear canals but are occasionally seen on the body. Clinical signs include head shaking, continual ear scratching, and ear droop. Pruritus is variable but may be severe. Dark brown cerumen accumulation in the ear and suppurative otitis externa with possible perforation of the tympanic membrane may be seen in severe cases. Affected and in-contact animals should receive appropriate parasiticide treatment in the ears. Systemic therapies have been approved and include topically applied selamectin and moxidectin. Direct applications to the external ear canal of cats using approved ivermectin and milbemycin formulations are also effective. As a general rule, ear cleansing with an appropriate ceruminolytic agent is indicated with any therapy.

Cheyletiellosis (Walking Dandruff):

Cheyletiella blakei infests cats, C yasguri infests dogs, and C parasitovorax infests rabbits, although cross-infestations are possible. This disease is very contagious, especially in animal communities. Human infestation is frequent. Mite infestations are rare in flea-endemic areas, probably because of the regular use of insecticides. These mites have four pairs of legs and prominent hook-like mouthparts. They live on the surface of the epidermis, and their entire life cycle (3 wk) is spent on the host. Female mites can, however, survive for as long as 10 days off the host. Clinical disease is characterized by scaling, a dorsal distribution, and pruritus, which varies from none to severe. Cats can develop dorsal crusting or generalized miliary dermatitis. Asymptomatic carriers may exist. The mites and eggs may not be easy to find, especially in animals that are bathed often. Acetate tape preparations, superficial skin scrapings, and flea combing can be used to make the diagnosis.

Both topical and systemic acaricides are effective against cheyletiellosis, although no drugs are currently licensed for this indication. In addition to treatment of the affected animals, it is necessary to treat all in-contact animals. Topical drugs include lime sulfur, fipronil spot-on and spray, permethrin , and amitraz (the latter two are contraindicated in cats). Extra-label systemic drugs include selamectin spot-on, milbemycin oxime (PO), and ivermectin (SC). Care must be taken to avoid or minimize the risks of adverse reactions as described above (see Sarcoptic Mange (Canine Scabies)). The treatment period depends on the selected drug but must be long enough to eradicate the mites from both the animals and their environment, which can be difficult in animal communities (eg, breeding colonies, kennels). In practice, treatment lasts 6–8 wk and should continue for a few weeks beyond clinical cure until parasitologic cure is achieved.

Canine Demodicosis:

Canine demodicosis occurs when large numbers of Demodex canis mites inhabit hair follicles and sebaceous glands. In small numbers, these mites are part of the normal flora of canine skin and usually cause no clinical disease. The mites are transmitted from dam to puppies during nursing within the first 72 hr after birth. The mites spend their entire life cycle on the host, and the disease is not considered to be contagious. The pathogenesis of demodicosis is complex and not completely understood; evidence of hereditary predisposition for generalized disease is strong. Immunosuppression, natural or iatrogenic, can precipitate the disease in some cases. Secondary bacterial deep folliculitis, furunculosis, or cellulitis may occur, leading to a guarded prognosis.

Three forms of demodicosis are seen in dogs: localized demodectic mange, juvenile-onset generalized demodicosis, and adult-onset generalized demodicosis. Localized demodicosis is seen in dogs usually

Feline Demodicosis:

Feline demodicosis is an uncommon to rare skin disease caused by at least two species of demodectic mites. Demodex cati is thought to be a normal inhabitant of feline skin. It is a follicular mite, similar to but narrower than the canine mite, that can cause either localized or generalized demodicosis. One other species of Demodex (named D gatoi) is shorter, with a broad abdomen, and is found only in the stratum corneum. It causes a contagious, transmissible, superficial demodicosis that is frequently pruritic and can be generalized. In follicular localized demodicosis, there are one or several areas of focal alopecia most commonly on the head and neck. In generalized disease, alopecia, crusting, and potential secondary pyoderma of the whole body are seen. The generalized form is often associated with an underlying immunosuppressive or metabolic disease such as feline leukemia virus infection, feline immunodeficiency virus infection, diabetes mellitus, or neoplasia. In some cases, ceruminous otitis externa is the only clinical sign.

Diagnosis is made by superficial (D gatoi) and deep (D cati) skin scrapings, although mite numbers are often small, especially with D gatoi. Medical evaluation is indicated in cats with generalized disease. Dermatophyte cultures are essential, because dermatophytosis and demodicosis can be concomitant conditions. Prognosis of generalized demodicosis is unpredictable because of its potential relationship with systemic disease. Some cases spontaneously resolve. Weekly lime sulfur dips (2%) are safe and usually effective; amitraz (0.0125%–0.025%) has been used but is not approved for use in cats and can cause anorexia, depression, and diarrhea. The use of antiparasitic macrocyclic lactones has been reported but their efficacy is unclear.

Trombiculosis:

Trombiculosis is a common, seasonal, noncontagious acariasis caused by the parasitic larval stage of free-living mites of the family Trombiculidae (chiggers). It can affect domestic carnivores, other domestic or wild mammals, birds, reptiles, and people. Two common species found in cats and dogs, Neotrombicula autumnalis and Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, are reported in Europe and in America, respectively. Adults (harvest mites) and nymphs look like small spiders and live on rotting detritus. In temperate areas from summer to fall, dogs and cats can acquire the larvae as parasites when lying on the ground or walking in suitable habitat. In warmer regions, infestation occurs throughout the year. The larvae (0.25 mm long) attach to the host, feed for a few days, and leave when engorged. At that time, they are easily identified as ovoid, 0.7 mm long, orange to red, immobile dots, usually found clustering on the head, ears, feet, or ventrum. Pathogenicity is through traumatic and proteolytic activities. Hypersensitivity reactions are suspected in some animals, because pruritus may vary from none to severe. Lesions include erythema, papules, excoriations, hair loss, and crusts. When present, intense pruritus can persist for hours to several days even after the larvae have left the animal.

Diagnosis is based on history and clinical signs. The infestation is a seasonal threat to free-ranging dogs and cats. Differential diagnoses include other pruritic dermatoses. Diagnosis is confirmed by careful examination of the affected areas. Microscopic examination of samples obtained from skin scrapings may help to identify the larvae, which have an oval-shaped body densely covered with setae, six long legs, and curved pedipalps terminating in claws.

Management is difficult. The most useful approach, if feasible, consists of keeping pets away from areas known to harbor large numbers of mites to prevent reinfestation during periods of risk. The application of pyrethroids (dogs only) with repellent-like activity to prevent infestation has yielded variable results. Fipronil and permethrin (dogs only) can be used, both for prevention and treatment of infested animals. Symptomatic treatment may be required in cases of severe pruritus.

Straelensiosis:

Canine straelensiosis is a rare, noncontagious, sporadic, but potentially emerging parasitic dermatitis caused by the temporary encystment in the epidermis of the parasitic larval stage of Straelensia cynotis. This mite belongs to a family close to the family Trombiculidae. To date, the life cycle is largely unknown, and the disease has been reported only in France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. Transmission occurs mainly in rural and small-sized hunting dogs, probably through contact with contaminated soil, litter, and other terrestrial habitat of foxes. No contagion has been reported to congeners and people. S cynotis has distinct differences from other trombidioid mites, especially in clinical presentation, histopathologic features, and response to treatment.

Straelensiosis is sudden in onset and may be accompanied by systemic signs such as anorexia and prostration. Lesions are painful, variably pruritic, and either generalized or multifocal, most often affecting the dorsal regions of the head and trunk. The characteristic erythematous papules and nodules resemble small craters. Scaling, pustules, and crusts can be seen.

Differential diagnoses include bacterial folliculitis, sarcoptic mange, and gunshot. Microscopic examination of samples obtained from deep skin scrapings may help identify the larvae (0.7 mm long, 0.45 mm wide), each in a thick-walled cyst. The larvae, which resemble Neotrombicula, are more easily visualized by histopathology.

The prognosis is favorable; a self-cure generally occurs after several months if reinfestation is prevented. However, management of clinical signs is difficult. Amitraz may be somewhat effective.

Lynxacariasis:

Feline lynxacariasis is a quite common but to date geographically restricted (Australia, Brazil, Hawaii, Florida, North Carolina, Texas) parasitic dermatitis caused by the fur mite Lynxacarus radovskyi, which belongs to the family Listrophoridae. The life cycle remains poorly described, and this species has not been reported from hosts other than cats. Infestation typically occurs by direct contact, but fomites may be important for transmission. Clinical signs include a salt-and-pepper appearance of the hair coat, variable pruritus, and alopecia. Diagnosis is based on visualization of mites (0.5 mm long) using a magnifying glass or on isolation of any parasitic stage in skin scrapings or acetate tape preparations. Treatment with acaricidal sprays, weekly lime sulfur dips, and ivermectin (300 mcg/kg, SC) are effective. The only case of contagion to people that has been reported involved a transient rash in an owner with a heavily infested cat.

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Fördelar med att använda Ivomec för behandling och prevention av Hjärtmask hos hundar

Parasiter är ett vanligt problem hos hundar och kan orsaka en mängd sjukdomar, från mindre (om upptäcks tidigt, alltså) till svår – som hjärtmask angrepp. Det finns många läkemedel som finns tillgängliga för att behandla och / eller förhindra uppkomsten av parasitangrepp, särskilt hjärtmask och Ivomec (känd som Ivermektin) är en av de mest framgångsrika i att hålla din hund frisk från parasiter.

Hjärtmaskar är resultatet av en infekterad mygga utfodring av din hund. Infektionen får passera in i blodomloppet. Larven eller microfilaria kvar i blodet en stund innan du ansluter sig till insidan av hjärtat och ibland i blodkärlen i lungorna. När de mognar i hjärtat, lägger de fler ägg som går in i blodomloppet. Det är den vuxna masken som orsakar försvagande hjärtmask, vilket minskar din hunds hälsa och kan leda till döden.

Ivomec är av receptbelagda och används som en förebyggande för att avvärja hjärtmask i din hund, samt behandla andra parasitinfektioner. Ivomec är en parasit kontroll läkemedel som förlamar parasiten, vilket ledde neurologisk skada som resulterar i förlamning och död.

Dosering för din hund beror på de särskilda arter av hund och kroppsvikt. Ivomec är en tuggtablett som skall administreras en gång i månaden. Innan ta medicinen, måste din hund ta första ett blodprov för att vara säker på att testet kommer upp negativa för hjärtmask. Medicineringen kan inte tas om hjärtmask redan finns. Vet föreslår att du håller din hund på en anti-hjärtmask medicin på en året runt. Ivomec kommer också i andra former, såsom en injicerbar och krämer, så att din läkare kan råda det bästa alternativet för din hunds behov. Heartgard Plus kan användas för både hjärtmaskförebyggande samt skydd mot spolmask och hakmask.

Ivomec ska administreras per din veterinär rekommendationer och är i allmänhet säkra. En överdos av detta läkemedel skulle orsaka biverkningar såsom snubblande, skakningar, blindhet, desorientering eller svaghet inom 12 timmar av överdosering.

Bli inte använda Ivomec, Heartgard eller någon annan hjärtmaskförebyggande produkt om din hund har en känd överkänslighet eller allergi mot droger. Det är inte tillrådligt att ge dessa läkemedel till collie raser eller collie blandade raser på grund av risken toxicitet, speciellt när man använder högre doser. Använd inte dessa produkter om din hund är mindre än sex veckor. Det är absolut nödvändigt att arbeta med och genom din veterinär för att ge en säker behandling för din hund.

Ivomecforgiftning hyrdehunde

Vidste du at hunde af følgende racer:

• Collie
• Shetland sheepdog
• Old english sheepdog
• Australian shepherd
• Long haired whippet
• Samt krydsninger af disse

er særligt sensitive over for bl.a.stoffet ivermectin?

Det kan være en god ide, at teste om din hyrdehund har en bestemt genmutation, da hunde med denne genmutationen er prædisponerede for forgiftning med ivermectin. Ydermere er der også risiko for forgiftning med andre medicintyper. Ivermectin kan overskride blod-hjerne-barrieren og være dødbringende. Se symptomerne længere nede i teksten.

I smådyrspraksis bruges ivermectin til at behandle fx hunde mod hjerteorm og katte mod øremider.

Kommer din hund tæt på fårehold, kan den blive syg af at spise efterladenskaber. Fårene bliver 2 x årligt behandlet med ormekur, der kan indeholde ivermectin.

En hund ved navn Bristol blev syg, da han fik en stor del ivermectin fra fåreefterladenskaber. Han indtog efterladenskaberne under en hyrdelektion sidste september. Det er uvist, hvor meget af stoffet han har indtaget. Mange tænker ikke på denne indirekte smitte med ivermectin.

Symptomerne, der kommer 4-12 timer efter hunden er blevet udsat for stoffet, er:

Udvidelse af pupillerne

Svært ved at styre kroppen/ manglende evne til at stå

Kontakt os på klinikken 8662 3294, hvis du tror, din hund har været udsat for ivermectin eller du vil teste om din hund har genmutationen.

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Ivomec druppels voor in de bek

marrie (Gast)

Helaas, dit onderwerp staat op slot.

Dit komt doordat het onderwerp niet meer recent is en in het hondenforum archief terecht ik gekomen.

Als je over "Ivomec druppels voor in de bek" wilt praten in het hondenforum dan kun je het beste een nieuw onderwerp aanmaken

marian

Ik heb toen ectodex of zoiets gekregen. moest ik mijn pup mee wassen..de ene dag de voorkant..de andere dag zijn achterkant. 1 dag niks. zo 6 weken geloof ik. was wel helemaal weg. Verder geen tabletjes of iets gekregen.

marrie

bedankt voor je reactie maar mijn da wil niks van shampoo geven. hij zegt dat het met de antibiotica en ivomec druppeltjes over moet gaan. maar ik kan eigenlijk niks vinden over mensen die ervaring hebben met ivomec druppeltjes voor in de bek hij moet 1x daags 0,4ml en dat 3 maanden lang. heeft daar iemand ervaring mee.

Ilja & ***Sterre**

Wat een heftige behandeleing..

Ik zou dit nooit doen..

Het middel is erger dan de kwaal.

Als je dit je hondje weer in balans krijgt gaat de schurft vanzelf over..

marrie

hoi bedankt waarom is het een heftige behandeling? met zijn conditie is niks mis hij rent en doet van alles de hele dag. de demorex komt van de moederhond af hoorde ik. wat is een veterinair??

Paul

Normaal wordt ivomec via inspuiting gebruikt tegen parasieten bij runderen.

En moet je die druppels niet aanbrengen op het vel in de nek in plaats van in zijn bek? Veterinair is gewoon een andere benaming voor veearts of dierenarts.

Ilja & ***Sterre**

Het is een heel zwaar middel wat gegeven moet worden onder toezicht van een dierenarts..

Collie-achtigen mogen het niet hebben omdat zijn er dood aan gaan..

Heb je die gehad.

En wie je dit advies/preparaat gegeven heeft.

De onkosten kunnen dan door de fokker vergoed worden..

Karnemelk on te drinken..

En zeewier door het eten..

marrie

bedankt voor de reacties. morgen komt er een vriend van mijn vader naar kijken die weet heel veel van honden. ik maak de antibiotica kuur af maar de imovec ga ik niet geven en ik ga andere brok enzo proberen

Angelo

Wij hebben onze hond al enkele maanden ivomec toegediend.

In samenspraak met een dermatoloog.

Het was iedere dag een vaste hoeveelheid in z'n eten mengen.

Volgens zijn gewicht.Het moest nauwkeurig uitgerekend zijn.

Nu vorige week zijn we terug geweest en alles is weer ok.

Zijn vacht is mooi hersteld en glimt terug. Hij heeft enkel nog een beetje last van roos.

Nu nog om de twee dagen toedienen en dit voor een maand en dan 3 maanden 1 maal in de week.

Akkoord het is een gif maar het helpt wel.

Bende van 4

Geen A.B en andere giftige zooi laten aansmeren als de hond alleen maar last heeft van de "droge,lokale vorm"van demodex.

Demodex is een weerstandskwestie en de A.B is weerstandverlagend,het moet juist omhoog!.

Ik zou dan kiezen voor de advocate, en dat heeft even z'n tijd nodig,en weerstandverhogende middelen zoals;

echinaforce druppels en/of paardemelkcapsules

Angelo

Natuurlijk als het lokaal een klein plekje is kan je het proberen met voeding en supplementen maar als het over heel zijn lijf is dan kan je niet anders. Wij geven ook echinaforce druppels en vitamine c.

Bij ons is hij toch mooi opgeknapt hoor. Zal straks eens een foto posten van voor de behandeling en eentje van nu.

marrie

oke bedankt. ik heb de imovec vandaag terug gebracht naar de DA. hij heeft het nl niet zo heel erg. bij zn oogjes een beetje een plekje op zn rug en op zn achterpootje. geeft hem nu pilletjes en advocate. en ben ik sinds vorige week hem elke dag schapenvet bonbons te geven. het is echt al een heel stuk minder en er beginnen zelfs al wat haartjes door te komen. ik blijf hem die bonbons geven want hij vind ze echt super lekker. en de DA zegt dat dat ook goed is voor hem. dus ik denk dat het wel goed nieuws is nou maar hopen dat het niet erger word of weer terug komt. we zullen zien maar ik hou jullie op de hoogte

Onze hond Sascha krijgt sinds 3 maanden ook ivomec omdat hij dus ook jonge honden schurft heeft. Als wij dit niet hadden gedaan had hij het niet gered en hadden we hem in kunnen laten slapen.

Zo erg was hij er aan toe. Alles was namelijk aangetast omdat het veels te laat is ondekt. (We zijn al een jaar met hem aan het dokteren).

Gelukkig zijn we bij een dermatoloog terecht gekomen en hij is gelukkig weer de oude aan het worden. Hij was echt dood- en doodziek.

Jammer genoeg heeft hij, van de week, weer een nieuw flesje ivomec gekregen omdat nog niet alles weg was. Maar het helpt wel.

Wij hadden geen keus voor shampoo omdat het rond z'n oog ook was aangetast.

Als wij het niet waren gaan gebruiken hadden we onze hond niet meer gehad.

lotje (Gast)

ik heb een jonge engelse bulldog, het ene probleem na het andere, het ene geneesmiddel en test na het andere.

hij is aan de voorkant helemaal kaal, krabt zich voortdurend open, er komt etter uit zijn blaasjes, en dit al sinds zijn 4maand. de honden worden volgens mij overkweekt !! hij zal waarschijnelijk zo uit zijn nest zijn meegekomen. ik hou van m'n hond endoe er alles aan om hem te helpen, al moet ik ivomec geven, het is gif maar kan helpen. Kankerbehandelingen zijn ook gif maar kunnen ook helpen.. na de zoveelste onderzoek is het uitgekomen dat hij aan elke soort mijt allergisch is,, copramijt,meelmijt,farinaemijt. hij is nu al 10min mee met de veearts om hem te laten behandelen, hopelijk zijn we rap enkele maanden verder en heb ik een gezonde bulldog terug !!

martine

ik heb ooit 2 goldens gehad die demodex hadden (wel op latere leeftijd(na 2jaar) en ik heb nooit medicatie moeten geven, kreeg enkel een flesje met een produkt dat ik met water moest aanleggen en daar moest ik de plekken mee deppen, en later de hond mee natdeppen, het stonk vreselijk zoals petroleum, maar het hielp wel en hebben het nadien nooit meer terug gehad.

marrie

bedankt allemaal voor de reacties. ik begin me behoorlijke zorgen te maken over Benji hij heeft nl vorige week voor het laatst een pipet gekregen en nu staat ie weer helemaal onder de plekken. pfff word er niet goed van ik ga morgen de DA bellen en toch vragen of ik de ivomec alsnog kan gaan proberen. want ik vind het zo ontzettend zielig hij is niet meer zichzelf de laatste dagen. en ik denk nu ook een DA schrijft zoiets niet voor niets voor hij is tenslotte geen DA voor niks. en als ik hem goed in de gaten houd zal het wel goed komen ik hoop nu echt op een engeltje dat ergens hier boven zit en ons wil helpen wil mijn hondje nog niet kwijt hij is nu bijna 11 maanden het is mijn vriendje. ik hou jullie op de hoogte

Ben ben ook net met Imovec begonnen voor mn 1j bull.

Na 1 week ben ik er weer met moeten stoppen omdat ze er steeds ziek van werdt. Nu moet ze eerst terug fatsoendelijk eten voordat ik terug met Imovec kan beginnen. We zullen dit dan met mondjesmaat moeten opvoeren tot de juiste hoeveelheid. Best wel zielig hoor, en idd zwaar spul maar het helpt wel. Zijn nu ook van voeding veranderd. (op basis van vis) ze lust het totaal niet, maar we moeten er een weg in vinden. Hoop dat Uma er snel vanaf is, maar de DA sprak toch over 6mnd ongeveer.

monique (Gast)

Ik hou jullie op de hoogte!

Ilja & ***Sterre**

Als je iets met homeopathie wil doen moet je door een klassiek homopaat laten doen.

Niet door middeltjes uit de winkel te gebruiken..

Dat is een huis tuin en keuken verdunning..

en zet geen zoden aan de dijk bij zo'n diepzittend probleem..

Een klassiek homeopaat kan de constitutie weer in balans maken..

de hond zal vlot klaar zijn met de schurft.

Als je serieus interesse hebt dan mag je mij altijd een pb sturen..

Anoniem (Gast)

Hallo wij hebben een flatcoat retriever van 16 maanden met demodex aan een oog Wij hebben ook ivomec gekregen , 2 keer per week toedienen, 8 weken lang. Volgens onze da is dit geen gif en werken advocate druppels of exodec alleen tijdelijk. De weerstand van onze hond is volgens mij normaal.Ik wil hem ook niet volstoppen met allerlei homeopathische middelen en vitaminen. Ze krijgt goed voer dus eigenlijk moet dat toch genoeg zijn als ze geen operatie of iets derg. heeft gehad. We moeten dus een lange behandeling uitzitten maar ja , ik hoop wel dat ze er dan ook blijvend vanaf is.

Ilja & ***Sterre**

Willen jullie het met de regeulieren middelen, prima..

Het behoeft het mogelijk maar twee homeopathiese middelen en ben je met hooguit een maand klaar voor de rest van het leven van de hond.

Demodex is toch echt een parasiet die niet zomaar weggaat door ander eten of een shampoo. deze parasiet zit in de huid en blijft altijd aanwezig, du sals je hond ziek wordt of verzwakt is kan de demodex terug opspelen. demodex kan inderdaad een hond heel erg aantasten. Misschien toch best de raad van je dierenarts opvolgen ook al is het "vergif". Ik geef mijn hond ivomec tegen hartworm (niet ter prefentie maar mijn hond heeft microfilaria). 1x per week en moet dit nog zeker tot einde juli geven.

ik heb in engeland gewoond, waar mijn dierenarts na overleg met de dierenuniversiteit in edinburgh mijn pointer een klein beetje ivomec heeft ingespoten. Het resultaat was fantastisch. Het arme dier liep maar steeds met een kraag om. Krabte zich helemaal stuk. Van alles geprobeerd, niets hielp, totdat zij ivomec kreeg. Het was een arts van een kleine plattelandspraktijk waar zij ook schapen met ivomec behandelen, vandaar de kennis. Ik kan de arts niet genoeg bedanken, dat zij op dit idee is gekomen.

onze bull word morgen 2 jaar en we zijn er al meer dan een jaar en half mee aan het dokteren.

tot vervelends toe niet heeft het ons al massa's geld gekost maar ons beestje zit niet zo goed in zijn vel nu hebben we gelijk een maand of 2 terug weer eens een andere da gevonden die ons ook ivomec meegaf omdat ze zei dat onze hond al in een te ver stadia zit.

hij is er tot hier toe mee geholpen de plekken groeien mooi dicht en hij ruikt veel minder.

maar ik merk toch dat hij zelf minder actief is hij is niet in zijn gewone doen, natuurlijk probeer ik naar ieder zijn raad te luisteren dus als iemand een goede da weet of dergerlijke ik sta voor alles open.

zal is zoeken hoe ik mij kan inloggen op dit forum

-- reactie gewijzigd door het moderator team op 27 april om 21:27 --

carine (Gast)

wij hebben een engelse bulldog van 9 maand en zijn er al van de eerste dag mee aan het sukkelen.hij heeft al verscheidene antibiotica - kuren achter de rug en heeft ons ook al een pak geld gekost maar ik zou hem toch niet meer kunnen missen . hij heeft nu ook al 5 maand een hele grote kale plek op zn rug die grijs is en ook allemaal bobbeltjes erop, echt lelijk hoor. eerst was er de diagnose ringworm met de nodige pillen en schampoos tot gevolg en nu de plekken uitbreiden is de diagnose demodex gevallen . hij is nu vandaag begonnen aan een kuur ivomec ( 56cc en volgende week 1,12 cc, hij weegt 28 kg ). ik maak me wel wat zorgen wanneer ik dit allemaal lees maar ik hoop toch op een goeie afloop.

Lotte met Hobbe

Helaas, dit onderwerp staat op slot.

Dit komt doordat het onderwerp niet meer recent is en in het hondenforum archief terecht ik gekomen.

Als je over "Ivomec druppels voor in de bek" wilt praten in het hondenforum dan kun je het beste een nieuw onderwerp aanmaken

Zoek je iets op de HondenPage ? Vul dan hier jouw zoekwoorden in ?

Mange in Dogs and Cats

By Michael W. Dryden, DVM, PhD, DACVM, University Distinguished Professor of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University

Sarcoptic Mange (Canine Scabies):

Sarcoptes scabiei var canis infestation is a highly contagious disease of dogs found worldwide. The mites are fairly host specific, but animals (including people) that come in contact with infested dogs can also be affected. Adult mites are 0.2–0.6 mm long and roughly circular in shape; their surface is covered with small triangular spines, and they have four pairs of short legs. Females are almost twice as large as males. The entire life cycle (17–21 days) is spent on the dog. Females burrow tunnels in the stratum corneum to lay eggs. Sarcoptic mange is readily transmitted between dogs by direct contact; transmission by indirect contact may also occur. Clinical signs may develop anytime from 10 days to 8 wk after contact with an infected animal. Asymptomatic carriers may exist. Intense pruritus is characteristic and probably due to hypersensitivity to mite products. Primary lesions consist of papulocrustous eruptions with thick, yellow crusts, excoriation, erythema, and alopecia. Secondary bacterial and yeast infections may develop. Typically, lesions start on the ventral abdomen, chest, ears, elbows, and hocks and, if untreated, become generalized. Dogs with chronic, generalized disease develop seborrhea, severe thickening of the skin with fold formation and crust buildup, peripheral lymphadenopathy, and emaciation; dogs so affected may even die. “Scabies incognito” has been described in well-groomed dogs; these dogs, infested with sarcoptic mites, are pruritic, but demonstrating the mites on skin scrapings is difficult because the crusts and scales have been removed by regular bathing. Atypical, including localized, clinical forms that are probably linked to extensive use of insecticides or acaricides are being increasingly seen.

Diagnosis is based on the history of severe pruritus of sudden onset, possible exposure, and involvement of other animals, including people. Making a definitive diagnosis is sometimes difficult because of negative skin scrapings. Concentration and flotation of several scrapings may increase chances of finding the mites, eggs, or feces. Several extensive superficial scrapings should be done of the ears, elbows, and hocks; nonexcoriated areas should be chosen. A centrifugation fecal flotation using sugar solutions may reveal mites or eggs. A specific and sensitive commercially available ELISA to detect specific antibodies has been developed and may be useful. Because mites can be difficult to detect, if Sarcoptes is on the differential diagnosis list but no mites are found, a therapeutic trial is warranted.

Systemic treatments of scabies are based on administration of macrocyclic lactones, some of which are FDA approved for this purpose. Among them, selamectin is given as a spot-on formulation at 6 mg/kg. This drug appears to be safe, even in ivermectin -sensitive breeds. Another is the imidacloprid-moxidectin formulation, which may be used on dogs as young as 7 wk of age. In some countries, moxidectin is also registered for treatment of scabies. It is available as a spot-on formulation in combination with imidacloprid and should be given in two doses of 2.5 mg/kg, 4 wk apart; additionally, oral uptake should be prevented in breeds at risk of avermectin sensitivity. Other endectocides, such as milbemycin oxime and ivermectin , which are not registered for treatment of sarcoptic mange in dogs, have been reported to be effective depending on the dosage and route of administration. The recommended dosage for milbemycin oxime is 2 mg/kg, PO, weekly for 3–4 wk; potential toxicity should be considered in dogs with avermectin sensitivity. Ivermectin (200 mcg/kg, PO or SC, 2–4 treatments 2 wk apart) is very effective and usually curative. Ivermectin at this dosage is contraindicated in avermectin-sensitive breeds. Additionally, the microfilaremic (Dirofilaria immitis) status of the dog should be evaluated before treatment with a macrocyclic lactone. For topical treatment, hair can be clipped, the crusts and dirt removed by soaking with an antiseborrheic shampoo, and an acaricidal dip applied. Lime sulfur is highly effective and safe for use in young animals; several dips 7 days apart are recommended. Amitraz is an effective scabicide, although it is not approved for this use. It should be applied as a 0.025% solution at 1- or 2-wk intervals for 2–6 wk. In addition, the owner must observe certain precautions to avoid self-contamination. Fipronil spray was reported to be effective but should be considered an aid in control rather than a primary therapy. Treatment can be topical or systemic, and should include all dogs in contact.

Notoedric Mange (Feline Scabies):

This rare, highly contagious disease of cats and kittens is caused by Notoedres cati, which can opportunistically infest other animals, including people. The mite and its life cycle are similar to the sarcoptic mite. Pruritus is severe. Crusts and alopecia are seen, particularly on the ears, head, and neck, and can become generalized. Mites can be found quite easily in skin scrapings. Treatment consists of both topical and systemic therapies. Nonapproved but effective and safe treatments include selamectin (6 mg/kg, spot-on) and moxidectin (1 mg/kg, spot-on, in the imidacloprid-moxidectin formulation). Ivermectin (200 mcg/kg, SC) has also been used. Another effective topical therapy is lime sulfur dips at 7-day intervals.

Otodectic Mange:

Otodectes cynotis mites are a common cause of otitis externa, especially in cats but also in dogs. Mites that belong to the family Psoroptidae are usually found in both the vertical and horizontal ear canals but are occasionally seen on the body. Clinical signs include head shaking, continual ear scratching, and ear droop. Pruritus is variable but may be severe. Dark brown cerumen accumulation in the ear and suppurative otitis externa with possible perforation of the tympanic membrane may be seen in severe cases. Affected and in-contact animals should receive appropriate parasiticide treatment in the ears. Systemic therapies have been approved and include topically applied selamectin and moxidectin. Direct applications to the external ear canal of cats using approved ivermectin and milbemycin formulations are also effective. As a general rule, ear cleansing with an appropriate ceruminolytic agent is indicated with any therapy.

Cheyletiellosis (Walking Dandruff):

Cheyletiella blakei infests cats, C yasguri infests dogs, and C parasitovorax infests rabbits, although cross-infestations are possible. This disease is very contagious, especially in animal communities. Human infestation is frequent. Mite infestations are rare in flea-endemic areas, probably because of the regular use of insecticides. These mites have four pairs of legs and prominent hook-like mouthparts. They live on the surface of the epidermis, and their entire life cycle (3 wk) is spent on the host. Female mites can, however, survive for as long as 10 days off the host. Clinical disease is characterized by scaling, a dorsal distribution, and pruritus, which varies from none to severe. Cats can develop dorsal crusting or generalized miliary dermatitis. Asymptomatic carriers may exist. The mites and eggs may not be easy to find, especially in animals that are bathed often. Acetate tape preparations, superficial skin scrapings, and flea combing can be used to make the diagnosis.

Both topical and systemic acaricides are effective against cheyletiellosis, although no drugs are currently licensed for this indication. In addition to treatment of the affected animals, it is necessary to treat all in-contact animals. Topical drugs include lime sulfur, fipronil spot-on and spray, permethrin , and amitraz (the latter two are contraindicated in cats). Extra-label systemic drugs include selamectin spot-on, milbemycin oxime (PO), and ivermectin (SC). Care must be taken to avoid or minimize the risks of adverse reactions as described above (see Sarcoptic Mange (Canine Scabies)). The treatment period depends on the selected drug but must be long enough to eradicate the mites from both the animals and their environment, which can be difficult in animal communities (eg, breeding colonies, kennels). In practice, treatment lasts 6–8 wk and should continue for a few weeks beyond clinical cure until parasitologic cure is achieved.

Canine Demodicosis:

Canine demodicosis occurs when large numbers of Demodex canis mites inhabit hair follicles and sebaceous glands. In small numbers, these mites are part of the normal flora of canine skin and usually cause no clinical disease. The mites are transmitted from dam to puppies during nursing within the first 72 hr after birth. The mites spend their entire life cycle on the host, and the disease is not considered to be contagious. The pathogenesis of demodicosis is complex and not completely understood; evidence of hereditary predisposition for generalized disease is strong. Immunosuppression, natural or iatrogenic, can precipitate the disease in some cases. Secondary bacterial deep folliculitis, furunculosis, or cellulitis may occur, leading to a guarded prognosis.

Three forms of demodicosis are seen in dogs: localized demodectic mange, juvenile-onset generalized demodicosis, and adult-onset generalized demodicosis. Localized demodicosis is seen in dogs usually

Feline Demodicosis:

Feline demodicosis is an uncommon to rare skin disease caused by at least two species of demodectic mites. Demodex cati is thought to be a normal inhabitant of feline skin. It is a follicular mite, similar to but narrower than the canine mite, that can cause either localized or generalized demodicosis. One other species of Demodex (named D gatoi) is shorter, with a broad abdomen, and is found only in the stratum corneum. It causes a contagious, transmissible, superficial demodicosis that is frequently pruritic and can be generalized. In follicular localized demodicosis, there are one or several areas of focal alopecia most commonly on the head and neck. In generalized disease, alopecia, crusting, and potential secondary pyoderma of the whole body are seen. The generalized form is often associated with an underlying immunosuppressive or metabolic disease such as feline leukemia virus infection, feline immunodeficiency virus infection, diabetes mellitus, or neoplasia. In some cases, ceruminous otitis externa is the only clinical sign.

Diagnosis is made by superficial (D gatoi) and deep (D cati) skin scrapings, although mite numbers are often small, especially with D gatoi. Medical evaluation is indicated in cats with generalized disease. Dermatophyte cultures are essential, because dermatophytosis and demodicosis can be concomitant conditions. Prognosis of generalized demodicosis is unpredictable because of its potential relationship with systemic disease. Some cases spontaneously resolve. Weekly lime sulfur dips (2%) are safe and usually effective; amitraz (0.0125%–0.025%) has been used but is not approved for use in cats and can cause anorexia, depression, and diarrhea. The use of antiparasitic macrocyclic lactones has been reported but their efficacy is unclear.

Trombiculosis:

Trombiculosis is a common, seasonal, noncontagious acariasis caused by the parasitic larval stage of free-living mites of the family Trombiculidae (chiggers). It can affect domestic carnivores, other domestic or wild mammals, birds, reptiles, and people. Two common species found in cats and dogs, Neotrombicula autumnalis and Eutrombicula alfreddugesi, are reported in Europe and in America, respectively. Adults (harvest mites) and nymphs look like small spiders and live on rotting detritus. In temperate areas from summer to fall, dogs and cats can acquire the larvae as parasites when lying on the ground or walking in suitable habitat. In warmer regions, infestation occurs throughout the year. The larvae (0.25 mm long) attach to the host, feed for a few days, and leave when engorged. At that time, they are easily identified as ovoid, 0.7 mm long, orange to red, immobile dots, usually found clustering on the head, ears, feet, or ventrum. Pathogenicity is through traumatic and proteolytic activities. Hypersensitivity reactions are suspected in some animals, because pruritus may vary from none to severe. Lesions include erythema, papules, excoriations, hair loss, and crusts. When present, intense pruritus can persist for hours to several days even after the larvae have left the animal.

Diagnosis is based on history and clinical signs. The infestation is a seasonal threat to free-ranging dogs and cats. Differential diagnoses include other pruritic dermatoses. Diagnosis is confirmed by careful examination of the affected areas. Microscopic examination of samples obtained from skin scrapings may help to identify the larvae, which have an oval-shaped body densely covered with setae, six long legs, and curved pedipalps terminating in claws.

Management is difficult. The most useful approach, if feasible, consists of keeping pets away from areas known to harbor large numbers of mites to prevent reinfestation during periods of risk. The application of pyrethroids (dogs only) with repellent-like activity to prevent infestation has yielded variable results. Fipronil and permethrin (dogs only) can be used, both for prevention and treatment of infested animals. Symptomatic treatment may be required in cases of severe pruritus.

Straelensiosis:

Canine straelensiosis is a rare, noncontagious, sporadic, but potentially emerging parasitic dermatitis caused by the temporary encystment in the epidermis of the parasitic larval stage of Straelensia cynotis. This mite belongs to a family close to the family Trombiculidae. To date, the life cycle is largely unknown, and the disease has been reported only in France, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. Transmission occurs mainly in rural and small-sized hunting dogs, probably through contact with contaminated soil, litter, and other terrestrial habitat of foxes. No contagion has been reported to congeners and people. S cynotis has distinct differences from other trombidioid mites, especially in clinical presentation, histopathologic features, and response to treatment.

Straelensiosis is sudden in onset and may be accompanied by systemic signs such as anorexia and prostration. Lesions are painful, variably pruritic, and either generalized or multifocal, most often affecting the dorsal regions of the head and trunk. The characteristic erythematous papules and nodules resemble small craters. Scaling, pustules, and crusts can be seen.

Differential diagnoses include bacterial folliculitis, sarcoptic mange, and gunshot. Microscopic examination of samples obtained from deep skin scrapings may help identify the larvae (0.7 mm long, 0.45 mm wide), each in a thick-walled cyst. The larvae, which resemble Neotrombicula, are more easily visualized by histopathology.

The prognosis is favorable; a self-cure generally occurs after several months if reinfestation is prevented. However, management of clinical signs is difficult. Amitraz may be somewhat effective.

Lynxacariasis:

Feline lynxacariasis is a quite common but to date geographically restricted (Australia, Brazil, Hawaii, Florida, North Carolina, Texas) parasitic dermatitis caused by the fur mite Lynxacarus radovskyi, which belongs to the family Listrophoridae. The life cycle remains poorly described, and this species has not been reported from hosts other than cats. Infestation typically occurs by direct contact, but fomites may be important for transmission. Clinical signs include a salt-and-pepper appearance of the hair coat, variable pruritus, and alopecia. Diagnosis is based on visualization of mites (0.5 mm long) using a magnifying glass or on isolation of any parasitic stage in skin scrapings or acetate tape preparations. Treatment with acaricidal sprays, weekly lime sulfur dips, and ivermectin (300 mcg/kg, SC) are effective. The only case of contagion to people that has been reported involved a transient rash in an owner with a heavily infested cat.

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Multidrug Sensitivity in Dogs

Many herding breed dogs have a genetic predisposition to adverse drug reactions involving over a dozen different drugs. The most serious adverse drug reactions involve several antiparasitic agents (ivermectin, milbemycin and related drugs), the antidiarrheal agent loperamide (Imodium), and several anticancer drugs (vincristine, doxorubicin, others). These drug sensitivities result from a mutation in the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1 gene). At Washington State University's College of Veterinary Medicine you can test your dog for multidrug sensitivity and prevent serious adverse drug reactions. We can work with your dog’s veterinarian to find appropriate drug doses or alternative drugs for your dog based on results of MDR1 testing.

The Partnership for Preventive Healthcare, is an initiative jointly sponsored by the American Animal Hospital Association and the American Veterinary Medical Association. Together the two associations offer a set of Canine and Feline Preventive Healthcare Guidelines. One of the important recommendations is that dog owners use genetic testing—like the MDR1 test —as part of an overall healthcare plan for their pets.

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Ivomec hund

Skabb och Demodex

De är mindre än 0,5mm långa med 8 ben. De flesta människor har troligen hårsäckskvalstret demodex på sig utan att veta om det. Det är inte alltid som skabben besvärar värddjuret men oftast är klådan mycket intensiv.

På djuren lever dessa parasiter både på och under huden. De är blinda och det är honan som ger symptomen genom att borrar små tunnlar i hunden där hon lägger sina ägg och låter hanen dö. Det tar ungefär två veckor för honans ägg att utvecklas och spridas över kroppen. Hanen blir oftast 0.2-0.3mm lång, medans honorna blir 0.3-0.45mm långa.

Kännetecken är röda knottror och rivmärken samt intensiv klåda. Ofta uppstår sår runt delar som råttor kan nå att klia på. Långvarig fysisk kontakt med någon som har skabb är oftast orsaken till smitta. Men vanligaste orsaken hos råttor är via hö, halm och via grenar man tar in utifrån. Man kan även bära med sig via jord i skorna. Dock ovanlig smittoväg.

Vanlig skabb behandlas oftast med Stroghold. Ibland kan även Ivomec och advocate ges ut. Finns inga receptfria behandlingar som fungerar.

Klådan märks oftast först på öronen men även svans, knä och ryggen. Oftast kliar sig värddjuret så mycket att det kan leda till rivskador och köttsår.

Oftast är det mest hund, katt och räv som drabbas. Men de flesta djur är i risk zonen.

Anar man att ens djur har skabb eller ser ett grann djur som kan lida av detta så bör man själv uppsöka en veterinär eller be ägaren undersöka saken. Tänk dock på att INTE gå på dropp in tid utan boka tid innan så veterinären kan ge en tid då lokalerna inte är fullt av besökare, där ohyran kan spridas.

Rävskabben smittar enkelt och kan leda till dödsfall om den inte behandlas.

Ivomec hund

Starcastle Hounds Silken Windhounds, Sweden Silken Windhounds since 1998

Research

Lotus Syndrome

MDR1 Multi Drug Resistance

The easy explanation is that MDR1 is what is causing Collie and Sheltie to die when treated with Ivomec. That much is known by most dog fanciers.

But that is only a small part of the truth.

Some dog breeds are more sensitive to certain drugs compared to other breeds.

For example, Australian Shepherds, Collies, Longhaired Whippets and other breeds are more sensitive to antiparasitic and anticancer drugs.

The problem is due to a mutation in the multidrug resistance gene (MDR1). The product of MDR1 gene, P-glycoprotein, is an important component of the blood-brain barrier that is responsible for pumping many drugs out of the brain.

Dogs with mutant MDR1 gene cannot remove some drugs out of the brain as normal dogs would, which may result in abnormal neurological signs. The result may be an illness requiring an extended hospital stay or even death of the dog.

In addition to its expression in the blood-brain barrier, P-glycoprotein expression occurs also in the intestinal tract, liver, and kidney. In these organs, the absence of P-glycoprotein will alter the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs identified as P-glycoprotein substrates, resulting in enhance oral bioavailability and/or reducing drug elimination through the liver, kidney, and gut. In consequence, plasma concentrations will increase and adverse drug reactivity may occur.

Drugs that have been documented to cause problems in dogs with the MDR1 mutation include:

• Ivermectin (antiparasitic agent)-While the dose of ivermectin used to prevent heartworm infection is SAFE in dogs with the mutation (6 micrograms per kilogram), higher doses, such as those used for treating mange (300-600 micrograms per kilogram) will cause neurological toxicity in dogs that are homozygous for the MDR1 mutation (mutant/mutant) and can cause toxicity in dogs that are heterozygous for the mutation (mutant/normal).
• Selamectin, milbemycin, and moxidectin (antaparasitic agents)-Similar to ivermectin, these drugs are safe in dogs with the mutation if used for heartworm prevention at the manufacturer’s recommended dose. Higher doses (generally 10-20 times higher than the heartworm prevention dose) have been documented to cause neurological toxicity in dogs with the MDR1 mutation.
• Loperamide (ImodiumTM; antidiarrheal agent)-At doses used to treat diarrhea, this drug will cause neurological toxicity in dogs with the MDR1 mutation.This drug should be avoided in all dogs with the MDR1 mutation.
• Acepromazine (tranquilizer and pre-anesthetic agent)-In dogs with the MDR1 mutation, acepromazine tends to cause more profound and prolonged sedation.We recommend reducing the dose by 25% in dogs heterozygous for the MDR1 mutation (mutant/normal) and by 30-50% in dogs homozygous for the MDR1 mutation (mutant/mutant).
• Butorphanol (analgesic and pre-anesthetic agent)-Similar to acepromazine, butorphanol tends to cause more profound and prolonged sedation in dogs with the MDR1 mutation.We recommend reducing the dose by 25% in dogs heterozygous for the MDR1 mutation (mutant/normal) and by 30-50% in dogs homozygous for the MDR1 mutation (mutant/mutant).
• Vincristine, Vinblastine, Doxorubicin (chemotherapy agents)-Based on some published and ongoing research, it appears that dogs with the MDR1 mutation are more sensitive to these drugs with regard to their likelihood of having an adverse drug reaction. Bone marrow suppression (decreased blood cell counts, particulary neutrophils) and GI toxicity (anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea) are more likely to occur at normal doses in dogs with the MDR1 mutation. To reduce the likelihood of severe toxicity in these dogs (mutant/normal or mutant/mutant), we recommend reducing the dose by 25-30% and carefully monitoring these patients.
• Read more at the State University of WashingtonThat page also talks about products that appear to be safe, and drugs to keep an eye on, although no reports of problems with MDR1 dogs have been reported yet

Another list of drugs that have been documented, or are strongly suspected to cause problems in dogs with MDR1 mutation:

- Butorphanol (pain control);

- Cyclosporin (immunosuppression drug);

- Digoxin (heart drug);

- Doxorubicin (anticancer drug);

- Ivermectin (antiparasitic drug);

- Loperamide (Imodium®, antidiarrheal drug);

- Vinblastine (anticancer drug);

- Vincristine (anticancer drug).

Biochemical studies have shown that mutant MDR1 gene has the potential to act on over 50 different drugs. The following drugs may potentially cause problems when given to dogs that have the mutation:

A list of dangerous drugs from Canada

The list of drugs will change over time, as the scientists learn more, always try to keep yourself uptodate with the latest information if you have a dog that is affected (double carrier) of MDR1.

Dogs affected with multidrug sensitivity typically display neurological symptoms after drug admission such as hypersalivation, ataxia, blindness, tremor, depression, coma, respiratory compromose, and death.

Explanation of your MDR1 results

Autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.

And this is why we test our dogs. Knowing the status of MDR1 in our breeding dogs, will enable us to breed away from MDR1 safely over time, without loosing too much genetic diversity in the process.

The Silken Windhound community seem to be the only one of the affected breeds, to make a serious effort to breed it out.

MDR1 exists in humans too

There is even MDR2 and MDR3 In humans MDR1 is a hindrance in some cancer treatments. Studies and tests are done right now to find inhibitors of MDR1expression.

The following breeds are known to have MDR1, more will likely be found in the future

I have seen Skye Terrier mentioned as well, but not on any researchers page so that may just a rumour.

DNA studies, particularly mitocondrial DNA, revealed that all breeds mentioned above share a common ancestor, a bitch that in all likelyhood lived in England during the 1800's, before the closing of studbooks began.

Otodectes cynotis

Otodectes cynotis (Hering, 1838) Canestrini, 1894

(Figures 5-26 through 5-28)

ETYMOLOGY: Oto = Ear and dektes = a beggar; along with cynotis , Greek for "of the dog”

SYNONYMS: The synonyms are listed by Sweatmean (1958). Sarcoptes cynotis Hering, 1838; Sarcoptes auricularum Lucas & Nicolet, 1849; Sarcoptes auricularum var. cati Lucas & Nicolet, 1849;; Symbiotes canis Bendz, 1859; Symbiotes felis Huber, 1860; Chorioptes ecaudatus Mégnin, 1896; Choriptes ecaudatus var. catotis Mégnin, 1877; Choriptes ecaudatus var. furonis Mégnin, 1878; Psoroptes auricularis var . canis Sewell, 1891; Symbiotes auricularum var. canis Neumann, 1892; Symbiotes auricularum var. cati Neumann, 1892; Symbiotes auricularum var. furonis Neumann, 1892; Sarcoptes auricularum var canis Railliet, 1893; Otodectes furonis Canestrini, 1894; Chorioptes cynotis var. canis Neumann, 1914; Chorioptes cynotis var. felis Neumann, 1914; Chorioptes cynotis var. furonis Neumann, 1914; Otodectes cynotis var. canis Neveu-Lemaire, 1938; Otodectes cynotis var. cati Neveu-Lemaire, 1938; Otodectes cynotis var. furonis Neveu-Lemaire, 1938, Sweatman felt that there was no difference between the different varieties occuriing in the cat, the dog, the ferret, and other hosts.

HISTORY: This mite has been long known to occur in the ears of canids, foxes, cats, and ferrets. At times, different species names have been assigned to the forms occurring in different hosts, but there is little evidence that they are separate species. Mites from cats have been transferred to dogs, and the infections have been found to persist for varying lengths of times in the canine host (Railliet and Cadiot, 1892; Sweatman, 1958; Tonn, 1961; authors, unpublished observations)

GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: This mite is found around the world. Reports from different areas include Americas (Foley, 1991); Europe (Raschka et al ., 1994; Trotti et al ., 1990); Asia (Fukase et al ., 1991; Tacal JV & Sison JA, 1969); Middle East (Ismail et al ., 1982); and Australia (Coman et al ., 1981).

LOCATION IN HOST: The mites live in the ear canal of the cat. Large numbers of mites (greater than 1,000) can be present in each ear without any apparent mites appearing on the surface of the feline host.

IDENTIFICATION: Identification is relatively simple, no other non-burrowing mites of this large size are typically found in the ears of the cat. The living mites appear as small white organisms that can be seen moving about within the ears or on swabs of deteritus removed from the ears. The larval mites have a lenghth of 138-224 μm. The adult male is 274 to 362 μm in length. The ovigerous female is between 345 to 451 μm in length (Fig. 5-26). An examination of the distal portions, pretarsi, of the anterior pairs of legs will reveal the "wine-glass” shaped caruncle on a short pedicel. The male mites have a caruncle on all four pairs of legs, while the third and fourth pairs of legs on the female terminate in long hairs or setae. The posterior of the body the male also possesses two ventrally situated suckers that are used for the attachment of the male mite to a deutonymph as part of the life cycle (Fig. 5-27). The eggs are white, oval, slightly flattened on one side, and are 166 to 206 μm long (Fig. 5-28).

LIFE CYCLE: Almost all the work on the life cycle was performed by Sweatman (1958). He showed that the eggs laid by the female mites are glued to the ear canal by a secretion from the female mite. The eggs typically required four days of incubation prior to hatching. The life cycle includes a larva, a protonymph, and a deutonymph. Each stage takes a minimum of around 3 to 5 days to develop, and the development is followed by a quiescent period of about 24 hours during which time the mites molt and shed their cuticles (ecdyse). As soon as the adult male emerges from a duetonymph cuticle, it will seek out and for a pair with a deutonymph. Sweatman showed that the male mites could not distinguish between male and female deutonymphs, and sometimes formed attachments with deutonymphs that developed into males. He also showed that unless the female deutonymphas developed in the presence of a male, the females were infertile, and later matings did not occur. Sweatman was under the opinion that copulation occurred at the time when the adult female first shed its deutonymphal exoskeleton. He found that the complet egg to egg cycle took approximately 18 to 28 days, or about three weeks. More recent work by Shustrova (1988) revealed that upon transfer of female mites to cats in Leningrad in August, December, and May that eggs were laid 2 dyas and 8 to 10 days after transfer. The larvae hatched in 2 to 4 days in May and August by in 6 to 7 days in December. They felt the full life cycle took 13 to 15 days in the warmer months and three weeks in the coder months. They also found that the mites were found at greater depths during colder temperatures.

Transmission between hosts is probably by direct contact. The mites seem to require a relatively high relative humidity for survival and seem to rapidly dessicate at typical room humidities. Sweatman (1958) found that he could maintain mites for months in vitro by placing them in a 35?C incubator with a relative humidity of 80%. Tonn (1961) found by examination of brushings of the hair of the posterior body and flanks of naturally infested cats, that the collected material could contain living mites. Thus, it is possible that mites can be found on the surface of their feine host.

Sweatman (1958) fed mites maintained in vitro detritus collected from the ears of dogs and cats and he was convinced that the mites were basically scavengers not requiring either blood or tissue fluids from the host. The ability to complete the entire cycle in vitro would suggest that there is some validity in this observation. Powell et al . (1980), on the other hand, felt that the presence of feline antigens in mites indicated that the mites were actively feeding on fluids or blood from their feline host.

CLINICAL SIGNS AND PATHOGENESIS: Cats vary remarkably in their abilities to serve as hosts for Otodectes cynotis . Observations on a number of cats at necrospy has revealed that some cats can have what appear to be severe lesions with significant quantities of dark cerumen and sometimes even blood present in their ears but only one or two mites. Other cats will have very clean ear canals, almost devoid of cerumen and detritus, and have 50 to 100 mites present. Still other cats can be host to huge numbers of mites, almost 2,000 per ear, and still will have shown very little in the way of outward signs of infection. Over 8,500 mites have been found at necropsy in a single auditory tube of an infested cat (Preisler, 1985). Ears of cats with very large numbers of mites tend to contain a dry waxy parchment-like material that occurs as sheets throughout the ear canal. These layers of sheets will contain mites throughout and consist in part of rafts of eggs that are embedded in the material. These ears tend not to contain large quantities of wax.

Powell et al . (1980) transferred 30 mites into the right ear of 4 laboratory-reared cats. By 7 to 14 days after infestation, an accumulation of red-brown cerumen appeared in the right horizontal ear canal of all 4 cats. In two cats, red-brown cerumen appeared in the left ear along with mites; in one case 49 days after the infestation of the right ear and in the other case 62 days after the infestation of the right ear. Observations showed that he cats maintained their infestations without spontaneous clearing for at least 9 months and apparently without secondary invasion by bacteria or fungi. These authors also showed that the infested cats developed IgE antibodies to Otodectes cynotis by day 14 after infestation. Earlier work by this group (Weisbroth et al ., 1974) had shown that there are probably 5 major histologic components associated with ear mite infestations: (1) the epithelial surface was overlayed with a crusty, waxy, crumbly material; (2) the epithelium had hyperkeratotic and hyperplastic areas; (3) ceruminous and sebaceous glands appeared to have undergone dramatic reactive hyperplasia; (4) inflammatory cells (particularly mast cells and macrophages) were present in greatly increased numbers; and (5) the blood vessels, particularly venules, underlying the dermis were generally dilated.

Lesions on the body due to generalized infestations with Otodectes cynotis have been reported in cats and dogs (Kraft et al ., 1988). Guaguere (1992) reports on a case of miliary dermatitis in a 4-year old cat with lesions on the neck and the back. The cat was treated with Amitraz, and the lesions were noted to have significantly regressed and the coexistent ear-mite infestation to have cleared six-weeks later upon reexamination.

DIAGNOSIS: The mites can be recognized on otoscopic examination by observing movement. Another means of diagnosis is to swab the ear with a cotton tipped applicator and to place the swab in a glass vial serum vial with a small drop of water. After about an hour, the mites will begin to migrate out of the cerumen and detritis and can be observed walking on the walls of the glass vial or on the applicator stick. Smearing the ear swab onto a glass slide and examining under 400 X magnification usually reveals the mites also.

TREATMENT: The products approved for the treatment of ear mites in cats in the United States of America include pyrethrin containing compounds (Otomite Allerder/Virbac, Nolvamite® Fort Dodge; Eradimite® Solvay; Aurimite® Schering Plough) and rotenone containine compounds (Ear Miticide Phonenix; Ear Mite Lotion Durvet; Ear Miticide Vedco). Also, Otomax, a mineral-oil based otic ointment gontaining gentamicin sultate, betamethasone valerate, and clotrimazile, has been shown to have some apparent effect against ear mites in cats (Pappas and Katz, 1995). As part of a trial testing the efficacy of another mineral-oil based compound, one of the authors (Bowman) used 2 ml of mineral oil and 30 seconds of external massage of the base of the ear in the control cats, and found that after two treatments one week apart, there were no mites found in any of the control cats three-weeks after the second treatment. This large volume of mineral oil tended to leak from the ear, and the hair on the head of the cat would appear oiled for the first day or so after treatment.

Treatment with a phyto-aromatic gel, canidor (a mixture of 15 volatile oils) has been examined for its ability to treat ear-mite infestations in cats (Mignon and Losson, 1996). This aromatherapy treatment of four cats on days zero, one, two three, 10, 11, 12, and 13 seemed to be highly effective in removing the mites from the ears of these animals.

Lindane-containing solutions have been examined for their ability to control Otodectes cynotis in cats (Gassner et al ., 1995). These studies showed that the same preparation with and without lindane was highly effective in removing the mites from the ears of cats, although neither solution was 100% effective. The treatments were administered daily to both ears over a 6-day period.

Ivermectin injectable, although not approved for use in cats, has been used to treat feline infestations with Otodectes cynotis (Blakstad, 1993; Foley, 1991; Song, 1992). Typical dosages are 0.2 to 0.225 mg/kg injected on one occasion or on two occasions with a three-week interval between injections. Some cats given over 0.5 mg ivermectin per kilogram body weight have developed signs of ivermectin toxicity (Song, 1992). There have also been reports of toxicity in kittens receiving off-label injections of ivermectin (Frischke and Hunt, 1991; Lewis et al ., 1994), and one of these kittens died 7 days after the administration of ivermectin (Lewis, 1994). Another approach has been the direct application of the ivermectin into the ear canals of the cats. This method was described by Jeneskog and Falk (1990) as used in the successful elimination of infestations with Otodectes cynotis from a laboratory cat breeding colony. Gram et al . (1994) compared subcutaneous adminstration of 0.3 mg ivermectin per kg body weight versus the topical application of 0.5 mg of ivermectin into the ear canal. When additional treatments were required, they were given at one or two week intervals. Cats were otoscopically negative for mites after 2.2 injections or 3.4 topical treatments. To cure cats of their mite infestations (as determined by two consecutive otoscopic examinations one to two weeks apart), an average of 4.2 subcutaneous treatments were required while the average for the topical application was 5.4 treatments. Five of the 14 topically treated cats had an apparent recurrence of their mite infestation during the follow-up period.

EPIZOOTIOLOGY: As mentioned above, it appears that the cycle may take longer in cold weather than in warm weather (Shustrova, 1988). Grono (1969) surveyed dogs for the presence of ear mites by examination at necropsy. Grono had 22 of 350 dogs in Australia which had mites in one ear and suppurative otitis externa without mites in the other ear. He felt that this was indicative of the mites causing a progression wherein they initiated conditions conducive to otitis externa, but then disappeared when the site of infestation was no longer favorable for survival.

It is not known which stage of the mite typically initiates infestations in naturally infested cats. Adults, eggs, and larvae appear to be capable of causing infections under experimental conditions. It is expected, however, that one stage is likely to posees a greater ability to seeks out other hosts than the other stages, but this may not actually occur.

HAZARDS TO OTHER ANIMALS: Otodectes cynotis is transmissible to other household pets, most notably dogs and ferrets. Thus, if these hosts are present in a household, it is necessary to treat all of these animals on the premises.

HAZARDS TO HUMANS: Two individuals have been found to be infested with mites identified as Otodectes cynotis . Herwick (1978) reports on a rather anecdotal case of ear mites biting a Californian lady on the torso and the extremities who recently received a new cocker spaniel that was infested; no mites were actually found on the woman. A second case (Heyning & Thienpoint, 1977) reported on otitis in a Belgian farmer’s wife. In this case, one adult male, one adult female, and four larvae were recovered from crusts on the eardrum of the right ear. .

CONTROL AND PREVENTION: It is very important that all susceptible animals be treated if a case of otodectic mange is diagnosed in a household. Animals with clean ears containing no detritus can harbor mites, and thus, even if no signs of infestation are present it is important that the animal be treated. When very heavy levels of infestation are present, it may be warranted to try and bathe the infected animals, especially in those cases where topical treatment methods are employed.

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Figure 5-26. Otodectes cynotis . Living adult female mite. An egg is apparent within the body of this mite.

Figure 5-27. Otodectes cynotis . Adult male. The suckers on the posterior end of the body are quite evident in this prepared specimen.

Figure 5-28. Otodectes cynotis . Eggs in detritus removed with a swab from a cat’s ear.